MELAS (Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the mitochondria, the energy-producing structures in cells. It is characterized by stroke-like episodes, lactic acidosis, and a variety of neurological and muscular symptoms.

The symptoms of MELAS (Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes) vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

- Seizures

- Stroke-like episodes
- Muscle weakness
- Visual disturbances
- Hearing loss
- Developmental delays
- Learning disabilities
- Headaches
- Vomiting
- Fatigue
- Abnormal heart rhythms
- Abnormal blood pressure
- Abnormal liver function
- Abnormal kidney function
- Abnormal breathing patterns
- Abnormal muscle tone
- Abnormal reflexes
- Abnormal coordination
- Abnormal balance
- Abnormal growth patterns
- Abnormal body temperature regulation
- Abnormal blood sugar levels
- Abnormal hormone levels
- Abnormal levels of l

MELAS (Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes) is caused by a mutation in the mitochondrial DNA. This mutation affects the production of energy in the cells, leading to a variety of symptoms. The most common cause of MELAS is a mutation in the mitochondrial gene MT-TL1, which is responsible for producing the enzyme tRNA-Leu. Other causes of MELAS include mutations in the MT-ND1, MT-ND4, MT-ND6, and MT-ATP6 genes.

The treatments for MELAS (Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes) vary depending on the individual and the severity of the condition. Generally, treatments focus on managing symptoms and preventing further damage. These may include medications to reduce seizures, improve energy levels, and reduce lactic acid levels; physical therapy to improve mobility; and dietary changes to reduce the amount of lactic acid in the body. In some cases, a liver transplant may be recommended.

The primary risk factor for MELAS is a genetic mutation in the mitochondrial DNA. Other risk factors include a family history of MELAS, exposure to certain environmental toxins, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension.

There is no cure for MELAS, but medications can be used to help manage symptoms. These medications may include anticonvulsants, anti-seizure medications, and medications to help with fatigue, headaches, and other symptoms. Additionally, physical and occupational therapy can help improve mobility and quality of life.