Hypoplasia of the mitral valve annulus is a congenital heart defect in which the annulus (the ring of tissue that holds the mitral valve in place) is smaller than normal. This can lead to a narrowing of the mitral valve, which can cause blood to back up in the left atrium and lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and palpitations. Treatment for this condition typically involves surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve.

The most common symptom of hypoplasia of the mitral valve annulus is a heart murmur, which is a sound made by turbulent blood flow through the heart. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, palpitations, and dizziness. In some cases, hypoplasia of the mitral valve annulus may lead to heart failure.

1. Congenital heart defects: Hypoplasia of the mitral valve annulus can be caused by a congenital heart defect, such as a ventricular septal defect (VSD) or an atrial septal defect (ASD).

2. Infections: Infections such as rheumatic fever, endocarditis, and syphilis can cause hypoplasia of the mitral valve annulus.

3. Genetic disorders: Certain genetic disorders, such as Marfan syndrome, can cause hypoplasia of the mitral valve annulus.

4. Other causes: Other causes of hypoplasia of the mitral valve annulus include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and certain medications.

1. Medication: Medications such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and beta-blockers can be used to reduce the symptoms of hypoplasia of the mitral valve annulus.

2. Surgery: Surgery may be necessary to repair or replace the affected valve. This may involve open-heart surgery or minimally invasive techniques.

3. Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair: This procedure involves inserting a device into the heart to repair the affected valve.

4. Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement: This procedure involves replacing the affected valve with an artificial one.

5. Transcatheter Mitral Valve Annuloplasty: This procedure involves reshaping the annulus of the affected valve.

1. Congenital heart defects
2. Down syndrome
3. Turner syndrome
4. Marfan syndrome
5. Maternal diabetes
6. Maternal alcohol use
7. Maternal smoking
8. Maternal drug use
9. Maternal obesity
10. Maternal age over 35

At this time, there is no cure for hypoplasia of the mitral valve annulus. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce symptoms and improve heart function. These medications may include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace the affected valve.