Enlarged parietal foramina is a rare congenital condition in which the parietal bones of the skull have abnormally large openings. These openings are located near the top of the skull and are usually located on both sides of the head. Symptoms of this condition can include headaches, seizures, and vision problems. Treatment typically involves surgical repair of the foramina.

The most common symptom of enlarged parietal foramina is a bulging of the skull in the area of the foramina. Other symptoms may include headaches, seizures, vision problems, hearing loss, and developmental delays. In some cases, the enlarged foramina may be associated with other neurological conditions, such as hydrocephalus or Chiari malformation.

The most common cause of enlarged parietal foramina is a genetic condition called Parietal Foramina 1 (PF1). This condition is caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for the protein laminin-alpha-2. Other causes of enlarged parietal foramina include trauma, infection, and certain types of tumors.

1. Surgery: Surgery is the most common treatment for enlarged parietal foramina. The goal of surgery is to close the foramina and prevent further enlargement.

2. Medication: Medications such as anticonvulsants and anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed to reduce the symptoms associated with enlarged parietal foramina.

3. Physical Therapy: Physical therapy can help to strengthen the muscles around the foramina and improve range of motion.

4. Dietary Changes: Eating a healthy diet and avoiding foods that can trigger inflammation can help reduce the symptoms associated with enlarged parietal foramina.

5. Alternative Treatments: Alternative treatments such as acupuncture, massage, and chiropractic care may be beneficial in reducing the symptoms associated with enlarged parietal foramina.

1. Genetic predisposition
2. Family history of the condition
3. Maternal exposure to certain medications during pregnancy
4. Maternal alcohol or drug use during pregnancy
5. Maternal smoking during pregnancy
6. Low birth weight
7. Premature birth
8. Exposure to radiation
9. Certain chromosomal abnormalities
10. Certain syndromes, such as Apert syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, and Pfeiffer syndrome

At this time, there is no known cure for enlarged parietal foramina. Treatment typically focuses on managing the symptoms associated with the condition. This may include medications to reduce headaches, seizures, and other neurological symptoms. Surgery may be recommended in some cases to reduce the size of the foramina and relieve pressure on the brain.