Encircling double aortic arch is a rare congenital heart defect in which the aorta is formed in a complete circle around the trachea and esophagus. This can cause compression of the trachea and esophagus, leading to difficulty breathing and swallowing. Treatment typically involves surgery to correct the defect.

The most common symptoms of encircling double aortic arch include difficulty breathing, chest pain, and a bluish tint to the skin (cyanosis). Other symptoms may include coughing, wheezing, difficulty swallowing, and a hoarse voice. In some cases, the arch may be so severe that it can cause heart failure or even death.

The exact cause of encircling double aortic arch is unknown. However, it is believed to be caused by abnormal development of the aortic arch during fetal development. It is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. It is also possible that the condition is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

1. Surgery: Surgery is the most common treatment for encircling double aortic arch. The goal of the surgery is to separate the two aortic arches and to create a single, normal aortic arch. The surgery is usually done through a median sternotomy, which is an incision made in the middle of the chest.

2. Endovascular Stent Grafting: Endovascular stent grafting is a minimally invasive procedure that can be used to treat encircling double aortic arch. During this procedure, a stent graft is inserted into the aorta through a catheter. The stent graft is then expanded to separate the two aortic arches and create a single, normal aortic arch.

3. Balloon Angioplasty: Balloon angioplasty

The risk factors for encircling double aortic arch include:

1. Genetic predisposition: Certain genetic conditions, such as Down syndrome, can increase the risk of developing an encircling double aortic arch.

2. Congenital heart defects: Certain congenital heart defects, such as ventricular septal defect (VSD) and atrial septal defect (ASD), can increase the risk of developing an encircling double aortic arch.

3. Family history: Having a family history of encircling double aortic arch can increase the risk of developing the condition.

4. Premature birth: Babies born prematurely are more likely to develop an encircling double aortic arch.

At present, there is no cure for encircling double aortic arch. Treatment typically involves surgical intervention to correct the abnormality. Medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms such as chest pain or difficulty breathing.